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Illness and Conditions - Support
About HealthwiseHealthwise is a nonprofit organization founded in 1975 with the mission to help people make better health decisions. More than 90 million times a year people like you use Healthwise�(r) information to take an active role in their health. The best formula for making health decisions is to combine the most reliable medical facts with your personal feelings. Put more simply: Medical Information + Your Information = Better Health Decisions. Your decisions influence your overall well-being as well as the quality and cost of your care. By taking an active role in your health, you are likely to be happier with the care you receive and the results you achieve. Read these Healthwise stories to see how Healthwise helps people make better health decisions.
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Last updated: April 2008 Healthwise Medical Review BoardThe Medical Review Board is directed by our chief medical officer, Dr. Steven L. Schneider, and our medical directors, Dr. Adam C. Husney and Dr. Martin J. Gabica; all three are board-certified family medicine physicians. Dr. Catherine Serio provides leadership on behavioral health issues for all Healthwise products. There are nine board-certified associate medical directors. Together, these thirteen physicians conduct initial and final reviews of all Healthwise�(r) Knowledgebase topics written by Healthwise, and they are involved in the planning and updating of all Healthwise publications and products. Chief Medical Officer: Steven L. Schneider, MD, Family Medicine, Boise, ID Medical Director: Adam C. Husney, MD, Family Medicine; Physician, Boise Minor Emergency Center, PA, Boise, ID Medical Director: Martin J. Gabica, MD, Family Medicine; Boise, ID Behavioral Health Specialist: Catherine Serio, PhD, Psychology, Boise, ID Associate Medical Directors:
Other members of the Medical Review Board review Knowledgebase topics from the specialist's point of view. With the input of these specialists, Healthwise medical writers develop topics based on scientific evidence and current clinical practice. Members of the Medical Review Board are experts in their specialty area. Their credentials include board certification, academic appointments at the nation's leading medical schools, active involvement in research, and publication in peer-reviewed journals and medical textbooks. Most important, they share the Healthwise commitment to empowering patients with reliable health information and building strong patient-provider relationships; this encourages partnerships in the decision-making process. The following physicians and health professionals have been selected for the Medical Review Board: Addiction MedicineEnoch Gordis, MD, Addiction Medicine Director Emeritus, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD Allergy and ImmunologyHarold S. Nelson, MD, Allergy and Immunology Professor of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and Professor in the Department of Medicine at the National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO AnesthesiologyJohn M. Freedman, MD, Anesthesiology Associate Clinical Professor of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, and Chief, Department of Anesthesiology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Santa Rosa, CA Behavioral HealthCatherine Serio, PhD, Psychology Behavioral Health Specialist, Healthwise, Incorporated, Boise, ID CardiologyStephen Fort, MD, MRCP, FRCPC, Interventional Cardiology Associate Professor and Director, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories, Dalhousie University and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS Julien I. E. Hoffman, MD, Pediatric Cardiology Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA Robert A. Kloner, MD, PhD, Cardiology Professor of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Director of Research, The Heart Institute of Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, CA Larry A. Latson, MD, Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, and Director of the Pediatric and Congenital Heart Diseases Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH George J. Philippides, MD, FACC, Cardiology Assistant Professor, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA Neil J. Stone, MD, FACC, FACP, Cardiology Clinical Professor of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School; Attending Staff, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL Laurence M. Epstein, MD, Cardiac Electrophysiology Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cardiovascular Division; Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Complementary and Alternative MedicineMarc S. Micozzi, MD, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy Institute for Integrative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA DentistryArden G. Christen, DDS, MSD, MA, FACD, Dentistry Professor and Director of Preventive/Community Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN Steven K. Patterson, BSc, DDS, MPH, Dentistry Faculty and Director of Continuing Dental Education, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB DermatologyRandall D. Burr, MD, Dermatology Associate Faculty, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA; Consultant, VA Medical Center and Family Practice Residency Program; Ada West Dermatology, Boise, ID Alexander Murray, MD, Dermatology Associate Professor, Division of Dermatology, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada. Diet and NutritionRuth Schneider, RD, MPH, Dietitian Dietetic Internship Coordinator and Clinical Assistant Professor, Idaho State University; Private Practice, Boise; Adjunct Instructor, Boise State University, Boise, ID Emergency MedicineSean P. Bush, MD, FACEP, Emergency Medicine/Envenomation Specialist Professor of emergency medicine and envenomation specialist at Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA. William M. Green, MD, Emergency Medicine Associate Medical Director, Healthwise, Incorporated; Medical Director, Sexual Assault Forensic Evaluation Team and Clinical Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA H. Michael O' Connor, MD, Emergency Medicine Chairman and Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON Endocrinology and MetabolismAlan C. Dalkin, MD, Endocrinology and Metabolism Associate Professor of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA Lois Jovanovic, MD, Endocrinology and Metabolism Director, Sansum Medical Research Institute; Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Southern California, Santa Barbara, CA Stephen H. LaFranchi, MD, Pediatric Endocrinology Director, Pediatric Endocrinology Training Program; Head, Pediatric Endocrinology Division; Associate Chair for Education Professor, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR Family MedicineThomas M. Bailey, MD, Family Medicine Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC Patrice Burgess, MD, Family Medicine Associate Medical Director, Healthwise, Incorporated; Clinical Assistant Professor, University of Washington, Family Practice Residency of Idaho, and Medical Director of Physician Relations at Saint Alphonsus Regional Medical Center, Boise, ID Martin J. Gabica, MD, Family Medicine Medical Director, Healthwise, Incorporated, Boise, ID Adam C. Husney, MD, Family Medicine Medical Director, Healthwise, Incorporated; Physician, Boise Minor Emergency Center, PA, Boise, ID Sarah Marshall, MD, Family Medicine; Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA Joy Melnikow, MD, MPH, Family Medicine Associate Medical Director, Healthwise, Incorporated; Professor, Department of Family Practice, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA Kathleen Romito, MD, Family Medicine Associate Medical Director, Healthwise, Incorporated; Physician, Primary Health Wellness Center, Boise, ID Steven L. Schneider, MD, Family Medicine Chief Medical Officer, Healthwise, Incorporated, Boise, ID David S. Smith, MD, Family Medicine Assistant Professor, Family/Community Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin; Director, Family Practice Residency Program, St. Michael Hospital; Medical Director, Down Syndrome Clinic of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI GastroenterologyPeter J. Kahrilas, MD, Gastroenterology Professor, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL Jerome B. Simon, MD, Gastroenterology Professor, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON Jerry S. Trier, MD, Gastroenterology Professor Emeritus, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Arvydas D. Vanagunas, MD, Gastroenterology Associate Professor of Medicine, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL GeneticsJohn B. Moeschler, MD, Genetics, Pediatric Director, Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH Renée H. Martin, PhD, FCCMG, Medical Genetics Professor, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB GerontologyCarla J. Herman, MD, Gerontology Associate Professor of Medicine, Chief, Division of Gerontology, and Member, Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM HematologyChristopher T. Coughlin, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Radiation Oncology Radiation Oncologist, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center; Professor of Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH Jeffrey S. Ginsberg, MD, Hematology Professor, McMaster University, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, ON Joseph O'Donnell, MD, Hematology/Oncology Senior Associate Dean for Student Life and Alumni Relations at Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH HepatologyW. Thomas London, MD, Hepatology Senior Member, Division of Population Science and Director, Liver Cancer Prevention Center, Fox Chase Cancer Center; Senior Member and Adjunct Scholar, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA Infectious DiseasesW. David Colby, MSc, MD, FRCPC, Infectious Disease Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario; Director, University Hospital Travel Medicine and Tropical Diseases Service, London, ON Christine Hahn, MD, Infectious Disease, Medical Epidemiology Epidemiologist, Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Boise, ID Jeanne Marrazzo, MD, MPH, Infectious Disease, STD/HIV Prevention Epidemiology Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington; Medical Director, Seattle STD/HIV Prevention and Training Center, Seattle, WA Peter Shalit, MD, PhD, Internal Medicine (HIV/AIDS) Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington; Attending Physician, AIDS Clinic, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA Stanford T. Shulman, MD, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Professor of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Medical School, and Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL Dennis L. Stevens, MD, Infectious Diseases Chief, Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, ID Marvin Turck, MD, Infectious Disease Professor of Medicine, University of Washington; Chief Editor, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Seattle, WA Internal MedicineAnne C. Poinier, MD, Internal Medicine Physician, St. Luke's Internal Medicine, Boise, ID Caroline S. Rhoads, MD, Internal Medicine Associate Medical Director, Healthwise, Incorporated; Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA E. Gregory Thompson, MD, Internal Medicine Physician, St. Luke's Internal Medicine, Boise, ID Maternal-Fetal MedicineGregory A.L. Davies, MD, FRCSC, FACOG, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Professor, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Diagnostic Imaging, and in the School of Kinesiology and Health Education, Chair of the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON William M. Gilbert, MD, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Regional Medical Director of Women's Services at Sutter Health and Professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA NeurologyDavid N. Alexander, MD, Neurology Director, Stroke Rehabilitation Service, Daniel Freeman Memorial Hospital; Associate Clinical Professor, Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA Colin Chalk, MD, CM, FRCPC, Neurology Associate Professor, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC Seymour Diamond, MD, Headaches Director, Diamond Headache Clinic; Director, Inpatient Headache Unit, Columbus Hospital; Adjunct Professor, Chicago Medical School; Editor-in-Chief, Headache Quarterly, Chicago, IL Barrie J. Hurwitz, MD, Neurology Associate Professor, Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC G. Frederick Wooten, MD, Neurology Chairman and Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA Obstetrics/GynecologyRoss S. Berkowitz, MD, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Gynecologic Oncology Oncology Professor of Gynecology and Director of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Professor of Gynecology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Robert A. Hatcher, MD, MPH, Obstetrics and Family Planning Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics and Director, Family Planning Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA Kirtly Jones, MD, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Reproductive Endocrinology Associate Professor and Chief, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT Deborah A. Penava, MD, FRCSC, Obstetrics/Gynaecology Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON George F. Sawaya, MD, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences Assistant Professor in Residence, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA Stephen D. Smith, MD, FACOG, Obstetrics/Gynecology Private Practice, Missoula, MT OncologyPaul Montgomery, MD, Hematology/Oncology Medical Oncologist, Mountain States Tumor Institute; Codirector, Bone Marrow Transplant Program, St. Luke's Regional Medical Center, Boise, ID; Clinical Instructor, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Douglas A. Stewart, MD, FRCPC, Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Professor, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Divisions of Medical Oncology, Hematology and Hematological Malignancies, University of Calgary in Alberta and Medical Oncologist at Tom Baker Cancer Centre and The Calgary Health Region. OphthalmologyJill Ann Smith, MD, Ophthalmology/Glaucoma Clinical Instructor, Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School's Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston; Newton Wellesley Eye Associates, Newton, MA OrthodonticsWilliam F. Hohlt, DDS, Orthodontics Associate Professor with Tenure, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN OrthopaedicsMichael J. Coughlin, MD, Orthopaedics Clinical Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Orthopaedic Surgeon, Boise, ID Freddie H. Fu, MD, Orthopaedics David Silver Professor and Chairman, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA Robert B. Keller, MD, Orthopaedics Professor of Community and Family Medicine and Surgery, Dartmouth Medical School; Associate Clinical Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, North Dartmouth, MA Kenneth J. Koval, MD, Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Trauma Professor, Department of Orthopaedics, Dartmouth Medical School and division leader in orthopedic trauma at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH Frederick A. Matsen III, MD, Orthopaedics Assistant Professor and Chairman, Department of Orthopaedics, and Adjunct Professor, Center of Bioengineering, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA Patrick J. McMahon, MD, Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine Founder, McMahon Orthopedics and Rehabilitation (MORe), and Adjunct Associate Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA Thomas S. Renshaw, MD, Orthopaedics Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT OtolaryngologyCharles M. Myer III, MD, Pediatric Otolaryngology Professor, Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital Medical Center; Professor, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati, OH Palliative MedicineIra Byock, MD, Palliative Medicine Director, The Palliative Care Service, Missoula, MT Daniel R. Tobin, MD, Palliative Medicine Adjunct Assistant Professor in Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH; Principal Investigator, Robert Wood Johnson National Demonstration "Promoting Excellence in End-of-Life Care," in coordination with The National Chronic Care Consortium, Albany, NY PediatricsEmmett Francoeur, MDCM, CSPQ, FRCPC, Pediatrics Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, and Director, Learning Progress Clinic and Child Development Programme, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC Michael J. Sexton, MD, Pediatrics Associate Medical Director, Healthwise, Incorporated; Medical Director, CARES Program, St. Luke's Children's Hospital, Boise, ID; Associate Clinical Professor, Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA PodiatryBarry Scurran, DPM, Podiatry and Podiatric Surgery Assistant Physician-in-Chief, The Permanente Medical Group, Hayward, CA PsychiatryW. Stewart Agras, MD, FRCPC, Psychiatry (Eating Disorders) Professor and Associate Chair, Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA John R. Hughes, MD, Addiction Psychiatry Professor, Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Family Practice, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT Yifrah Kaminer, MD, MBA, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Alcohol Research Center, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT Alfred J. Lewy, MD, PhD, Psychiatry Richard H. Phillips Professor, Biological Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, OR Fred R. Volkmar, MD, Pediatric Psychiatry Professor of Child Psychiatry and Professor of Pediatrics and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT Lisa S. Weinstock, MD, Psychiatry Private practice specializing in Psychopharmacology and Perinatal Psychiatry, Mount Kisco, NY Sidney Zisook, MD, Psychiatry Professor of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA PulmonologyRobert L. Cowie, MB, ChB, MD, MSc, FCP[SA], MFOM, Respiratory Medicine Professor, University of Calgary Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences; Director of Tuberculosis Services, Calgary Health Region; Director, Calgary COPD and Asthma Program, Calgary, AB Susanna A. McColley, MD, Pediatric Pulmonology Director, Cystic Fibrosis Center, Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Memorial Center, Chicago, IL R. Steven Tharratt, MD, FACP, FCCP, Pulmonology, Critical Care Medicine Associate Professor of Medicine; Chief of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Medical Director, Respiratory Care Department, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA Ken Y. Yoneda, MD, Pulmonology, Critical Care Medicine Associate Professor in Residence, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA RadiologyPaul D. Traughber, MD, Interventional Radiology Radiology Group, St. Alphonsus Regional Medical Center, Boise, ID RheumatologyStanford M. Shoor, MD, Rheumatology Internist and Chief of Professional Education, Kaiser Foundation Hospital, Santa Clara, CA; Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine (Immunology), Stanford University, Stanford, CA Sleep DisordersJan Ulfberg, MD, PhD, Internal Medicine, Sleep Disorders Associate Professor of Medicine, Uppsala University, Sweden; Medical Director, Sleep Disorders Centers, Avesta Hospital, Sweden, and Inland Hospital, Norway. Stress ManagementPaul J. Rosch, MD, Stress Management, Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Professor of Medicine and Psychiatry, New York Medical College; President, American Institute of Stress, New York, NY SurgeryBrent T. Shoji, MD, General Surgery Assistant Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Chief of General Surgery, Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, Boston, MA Brad W. Warner, MD, Pediatric Surgery/Critical Care Surgeon-in-Chief, St. Louis Children's Hospital (SLCH), and the Apolline Blair Professor of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO UrologyPeter Anderson, MD, FRCS(C), Pediatric Urology Professor of Urology and Director of the Residency Training Program, Dalhousie University; Professor of Urology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS Philip Belitsky , MD, Urology Professor of Urology, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS Christopher E. Kelly, MD, Urology/Female Urology Assistant Professor of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY J. Curtis Nickel, MD, FRCSC, Urology Professor, Department of Urology, Queen's University; Staff Urologist, Department of Urology, Kingston General and Hotel Dieu Hospitals, Kingston, ON Avery L. Seifert, MD, Urology Private practice, Boise, ID; Clinical Instructor, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA Christopher G. Wood, MD, FACS, Urology Associate Professor of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX Last updated: May 2008 Healthwise�(r) Knowledgebase Editorial Policy and ProcessesThe field of medicine changes constantly. Each day there are headlines about new ways to diagnose medical conditions, breakthroughs in treatments, and newly discovered ways to prevent health problems. Through a comprehensive topic development process, the Healthwise�(r) Knowledgebase software is regularly updated. Content Written by HealthwiseHealthwise�(r) Knowledgebase topics are developed through the collaborative efforts of the Healthwise health information and medical teams using a comprehensive research and review process. The Healthwise health information team includes full-time professional medical researchers, writers, and editors who have extensive experience in scientific research and medical writing. They work closely with members of the Healthwise medical team, including the chief medical officer, the medical director, the eight associate medical directors, and the Healthwise Medical Review Board. The Healthwise Medical Review Board includes more than 90 specialists from across the United States and Canada. Members of the Medical Review Board are experts in their specialty area. Many of them have academic appointments at the nation's leading medical schools, are actively involved in research, are practicing medicine, and are published in peer-reviewed journals and medical textbooks. They share the Healthwise commitment to empowering patients with reliable health information and building strong patient-provider relationships. Healthwise content is founded on evidence-based information. Our authors are experts at presenting balanced, unbiased perspectives without influence from commercial interests. Our Conflict of Interest policy enforces the editorial integrity of our writers: "All Healthwise personnel should avoid situations where their personal interests could conflict, or reasonably appear to conflict, with the interests of Healthwise. In this regard, personnel must avoid any outside financial interest that might influence, or appear to influence, their corporate decisions or actions." Interactive topics within the Healthwise�(r) Knowledgebase may include self-assessment tools. For those self-assessment tools that help people reach conclusions about health care decisions or that may be relevant to optimizing health outcomes, we have cited the source of the assessment tool. We have not cited references for surveys that help people understand their own personal behavior. Topic Development ProcessThere are four primary steps in the development process: planning, research, writing, and review.
New Topic DevelopmentNew topics are selected on the basis of several criteria, including requests from consumers and organizations using the Healthwise�(r) Knowledgebase, prevalence of the condition, and the degree of shared decision-making potential available to consumers with the condition. Updating TopicsTopics are updated when warranted by changes in medical practice. The health information and medical teams continuously review the wire services and journals so they can quickly identify changes that affect the practice of medicine. When important changes occur, topics are updated and included in the next quarterly release of the Healthwise�(r) Knowledgebase. In addition, topics are reviewed and updated on a regular basis. The schedule varies by topic.
Organizations and people using the Healthwise�(r) Knowledgebase may suggest changes or additions to topics. These recommendations are considered during the topic development process and are included in our updates if they meet our standard criteria and pass the medical review process. If a suggested change applies only to a particular sponsoring organization's readers, and if it passes medical review, then it may be made for that organization's customized version of the Healthwise�(r) Knowledgebase. Any change made to the Healthwise�(r) Knowledgebase must first pass medical review. The date of the last update is found at the bottom of every topic page and in the Credits section of each topic. Content Written by Third PartiesCerner Multum, Inc., Drug Reference (not included in all systems) The drug reference included in the Healthwise�(r) Knowledgebase is provided by Cerner Multum, Inc., of Denver, Colorado. The update process at Multum is ongoing on a daily basis. New information is incorporated into a database as soon as it appears in the literature or in product labeling. Doctors and pharmacists review the new information and make any necessary changes. Multum uses weekly Current Content searches on all of its drugs in addition to surveying all key periodicals. All leaflets are reviewed by one or more practicing clinical specialists. Healthwise receives monthly updates from Multum. The updates are included in the quarterly releases of the Healthwise�(r) Knowledgebase. Conflict of Interest Policy: Multum's content is authored by full time associates with no affiliations with drug companies. Consultants who work with the information in other capacities are required to have no conflicts of interest. The date of the last update is found at the end of each topic. 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Potential biases or conflicts of interest are discussed as part of the selection process. The date of the last update is found at the end of each topic. National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD) The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc., of Danbury, Connecticut, provides topics on rare diseases for the Healthwise�(r) Knowledgebase. The NORD topics are updated on an ongoing basis as new information is reported that is applicable to a condition. In addition, all topics are periodically reviewed to ensure that all information remains current and accurate. Healthwise receives quarterly updates from NORD. The updates are included in the quarterly releases of the Healthwise�(r) Knowledgebase. Conflict of Interest Policy: NORD uses independent sources such as the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Food and Drug Administration for its information on standard and investigational therapies. It does not rely on commercial sources for anything other than brief notices that clinical trials are in progress. Also, NORD does not ask researchers at academic institutions directly involved in studies of particular therapeutics to provide or review information related to treatment of the disease in question. When a report is written by a physician or other medical professional rather than by one of NORD's own writers, NORD has it reviewed by an MD or PhD with appropriate expertise at a different institution. To obtain input from more than one medical perspective, NORD does not allow a report to be reviewed by someone who has participated in research or clinical activities with the author of the report. NORD's staff regularly reviews several medical journals and, if any discrepancies in opinion related to information in a report are found, members of the Medical Advisory Committee provide guidance. The date of the last update is found at the end of each topic. American Self-Help Clearinghouse Information The American Self-Help Group Clearinghouse, of Cedar Knolls, New Jersey, provides information on self-help groups. Healthwise receives semiannual updates from the American Self-Help Clearinghouse. The updates are included in the quarterly releases of the Healthwise�(r) Knowledgebase. The content verification date is found at the end of each listing. Healthnotes�(r) (not included in all systems) Headquartered in Portland, Oregon, Healthnotes, Inc., is the premier provider of reliable, easy-to-use health, food, and lifestyle information. Each year Healthnotes reviews tens of thousands of articles and more than 600 medical and scientific journals to ensure that the content stays current, factual, and balanced. Citations identify the source, the authors, and where and when the information was first published. The Healthnotes editorial team includes medical doctors, pharmacists, chiropractors, naturopaths, and dietitians. The Medical Advisory Board includes medical doctors and experts affiliated with leading medical schools, such as the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. Healthwise receives semiannual updates from Healthnotes. The updates are included in the quarterly releases of the Healthwise�(r) Knowledgebase. The date of the last review is found at the end of each topic. Last updated: September 2007 Healthwise Quality StandardsHealthwise is committed to providing consumers with high-quality health information so that they can make wise decisions with their doctors. We adhere to the following principles:
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